Proceedings of MATSUS Fall 2023 Conference (MATSUSFall23)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsus.2023.247
Publication date: 18th July 2023
Conductive polymers combine high ionic and electronic conductivities with soft mechanical properties, and achieve the conversion of electrochemical processes in liquid environment to mechanical formalization.[1] The resulting material electroactivity has been exploited in electrochemical actuators with low-voltage drive and nanoscale precision, leading to the development of bioelectronics soft actuators.[2] On the other hand, the electrically-induced swelling of conductive polymer layers can be detrimental for applications such as thin film neuromodulation devices, where shear stresses with the substrate can lead to delamination and device failure.[3] During volume change, electroactive polymers translate an external stimulus to a change of the physical properties on a nanometer scale, but the intrinsic mechanism of actuation is not completely understood. In this work, we address this gap of knowledge introducing quantitative measurements of electroswelling using atomic force microscopy (AFM). We exploit AFM as a local probe for volume changes and interface forces that provides transient data on dynamical effects related to electroactuation. We combine electroswelling measurements in the frequency domain with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on a model conductive polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) to correlate morphological changes with information on ionic uptake and local electrochemical potential. Through the development of a mathematical theory, we describe electroswelling in terms of transport and accumulation of hydrated ions, and we achieve multimodal AFM experiments mapping electroswelling amplitude and phase on soft polymer thin films. Our findings highlight the physicochemical mechanisms limiting actuation width and timescales and can be crucial to develop functional materials with enhanced electroactive properties.
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