Proceedings of MATSUS Fall 2023 Conference (MATSUSFall23)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsus.2023.124
Publication date: 18th July 2023
Materials play a crucial role in the circular economy, and their selection and supply are currently driven primarily by cost. However, considering that different minerals and materials feature on various global critical materials lists, alternatives may be necessary. Lithium, graphite, phosphate, silicon, and cobalt, for example, are listed as critical materials by the EU and the UK, highlighting supply chain risks and their economic importance. By embracing the principles of sustainability, including reduce, reuse, recover, and recycle, we can gradually reduce our reliance on these materials. Sodium-ion batteries are being explored as a viable alternative, allowing for the substitution of lithium, cobalt, and graphite with sodium, iron, and hard carbon, respectively. This substitution significantly reduces material costs. However, it is important to consider other sustainability factors, such as recyclability and duration of use, in-life phases and additionally the current higher embedded carbon emissions per kilowatt-hour (kWh) reported for sodium-ion batteries.
Furthermore, this study examines design considerations for disassembly in sodium-ion batteries. We discuss recycling routes, materials recovery, and potential reuse cases for these batteries. The recovery rates are often influenced by the design of the cells and electrodes. To maximize the performance and recovery rates of materials, we propose specific routes for electrode manufacturing, compositions, and design considerations. By implementing these strategies, we aim to enhance the overall sustainability of sodium-ion battery technologies and promote effective recycling and reuse.
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