Proceedings of MATSUS Fall 2023 Conference (MATSUSFall23)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsus.2023.095
Publication date: 18th July 2023
BiVO4 is considered one of the most promising metal oxide semiconductors for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Many studies focus on addressing the inherent material limitations, such as charge carrier mobility and slow water oxidation kinetics. For example, it has been shown that doping with some metals and non-metals increases the charge carrier mobility and the addition of a co-catalyst improves the water oxidation kinetics. These techniques are effective in such a way that ninety percent of the theoretical AM1.5 photocurrent of BiVO4 has been achieved. This progress has shifted some focus towards scaling up, in which it has unfortunately been reported that the scale-up process significantly impacts the photocurrent and stability. Identifying and addressing the scale-up losses and optimizing the associated overpotential is therefore crucial. In this study, we scaled-up sulfur incorporated BiVO4 photoelectrodes using a screen printing technique. Photoelectrodes with area up to 100 cm2 were fabricated uniformly, and the performance was evaluated using a continuous flow photoelectrochemical cell. Specifically, the effect of scale-up on the overall overpotential of the cell, which includes ohmic and concentration overpotentials, was considered. Strategies to minimize these losses, such as increasing the substrate conductivity and electrolyte engineering (modifying the concentration and the flow rate of electrolyte), were implemented. As a result, we successfully minimize the photocurrent loss to only ~12% when the photoelectrode area is increased by more than two orders of magnitude, from 0.24 to 100 cm2. Further optimization of the ionic and concentration overpotential associated with scale-up is ongoing and will be discussed.
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