DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.incnc.2021.027
Publication date: 8th June 2021
Quantification of specific biomarkers is an important diagnostic tool. Standard immunoassays such as ELISA require extensive washing steps and signal amplification, in particular when the biomarker of interest is only present at very low concentrations. On the other hand, non-radiative Fôrster resonance energy transfer (FRET) has been used to design one-step bioassays which do not require any washing steps, where the biomarker enables the formation of a sandwich complex involving donor-labeled and acceptor-labeled antibodies. FRET from the donor to the acceptor then provides an optical signature of the complex formation, hence of the biomarker of interest. However, the large size of this complex limits the efficiency of energy transfer, preventing sensitive detection. Here we propose a novel energy transfer modality using solution-phase optical microcavities to enhance energy transfer. To this aim, we have designed structures in which fluorescent colloidal quantum dots are located within dielectric microspheres to enable strong coupling of their fluorescence emission with the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) of the microspheres. We characterize the energy transfer between these modes and acceptor dye-loaded nanoparticles present in the evanescent field, within a few tens of nanometers above the microsphere surface. Compared to FRET, WGM-enabled energy transfer occurs over a much more extended volume, thanks to the delocalization of the mode over a typically 105 times larger surface and to the extension of the WGM electromagnetic field to larger distances (>100 nm vs 5-8 nm) from the surface of the microcavity. This enables combining the sensitivity of WGM assays with the simplicity and specificity of FRET assays into a novel biosensing modality. We finally demonstrate DNA detection as a proof-of-concept biomolecular assay.
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