Publication date: 15th December 2014
WO3 is a benchmark material for photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC-WS) with demonstrated saturated photocurrent of up to 60% of the theoretical maximum. Moreover, it has been used in a wide range of heterostructure architectures coupled with lower band-gap semiconductors (e.g. with Si, Fe2O3, BiVO4). Hence, the development of WO3 nanostructures with excellent transport properties and light trapping capabilities is of paramount importance in the field of PEC-WS. In this contribution we present our recent work on quasi-1D hyperbranched WO3 nanostructures exhibiting unmet photocurrent values at low bias voltage of 1.7 mA/cm2 at 0.75 V vs RHE. The quasi-1D hyperbranched WO3 nanostructures are fabricated by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) exploiting self assembly from the gas phase. The deposited photoanodes resemble a forest composed of individual, high aspect-ratio, tree-like structures, assembled from crystalline monoclinic WO3 nanoparticles. The hierarchical quasi-1D nature of each tree represents an innovative compromise between nanorods/nanotubes (better electron transport) and the conventional isotropic nanoparticle photoanode (high surface area). Moreover, the peculiar tree-like morphology is capable of scattering and trapping light, improving the effective optical density. Optical characterization and IPCE measurements confirm enhanced absorption and photoactivity at wavelengths as high as 500 nm. The excellent performances at low biases are attributed to the low density of defects and efficient transport in the crystalline structure of the hyperbranched nanostructure, as suggested by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This ensemble of peculiar properties candidates these quasi-1D WO3 nanostructures as a promising material for PEC-WS per se and as an electron acceptor scaffold in heterostructure architectures. To further improve the performances of these WO3 nanostructures, a simple and inexpensive procedure of electrochemical reduction in acidic solution is performed on the photoanodes, obtaining an increase of the saturation photocurrent up to 1.5 times the initial value. Reduction through annealing in hydrogen atmosphere – as found in literature – is also performed on the photoanodes, for comparison with the electrochemical treatment. Preliminary studies are performed to understand the physics behind those two processes, analysing the transport properties of the samples before and after the treatments, as well as the electronic structure and the optical properties.