Publication date: 16th April 2014
The minimum potential required to split water into H2 and O2 is 1.23 V (values for reducing CO2 to methanol or to methane are similar). The JCAP photovoltaic approach uses photocathodes (H2 or hydrocarbon producing) and photoanodes (O2 producing) linked in a tandem geometry. The photocathode and photoanode provide the same functionality as PS I and PS II in natural photosynthesis.
Photocathode approaches based on nanostructured III-V semiconductors and amorphous Si coupled with metal oxide passivation layers will be presented. Solar to hydrogen conversion efficiencies under applied bias approach 15% with multiday stability [1,2]. In the development of BiVO4 photoanodes, we have developed a number of approaches including reactive sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, and hydrothermal synthesis to produce both thin film and nanostructured photoanodes. These allow us considerable control over the Bi/V stoichiometry, doping, contact design, and catalyst integration, all of which will be shown to influence the performance of BiVO4 as a photoanode [3,4].
Integrated water splitting using a combination of a proton-conducting membrane and electrolyte recirculation will be presented. Solar to hydrogen conversion efficiencies over 6% have been achieved with near-neutral-pH electrolytes and >95% product separation [5]. Finally, initial work regarding the energy payback times for prospective integrated solar water splitting approaches will also be discussed [6].
1. M.-H. Lee et al., Angewandte Chemie International Edition 51, 10760 (2012).
2. Y. Lin et al., Nano Lett. 13, 5615 (2013).
3. L. Chen et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 21635 (2013).
4. E. Alarcon-Llado et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 1651 (2013).
5. M. A. Modestino et al., Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 297 (2014).
6. P. Zhai et al., Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 2380 (2013).
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