Publication date: 1st July 2014
Although there has been a rapid progress in efficiency of perovskite-based solar cells, hysteresis involved in the current-voltage performance is not yet completely understood. Owing to the complex structure of the cells, it is not easy to attribute this hysteresis behavior to any of the components, such as bulk of perovskite, interfaces at HTM and TiO2 mesoporpus and compact layer. In this work, we have made a thorough investigation on hysteresis in solid state perovskite solar cells and found a strong correlation between the intrinsic ferroelectric property of perovskite and hysteresis in the cells. Solid state perovskite cells of different architecture, planar heterojunction and mesoporous (TiO2 and Al2O3) structures with and without hole transport material (HTM) were fabricated. Current-voltage (I-V) measurements were conducted on these cells after having biased them at different voltages in the dark. The results revealed the link between I-V hysteresis and ferroelectric property of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx perovskite, the latter being affected by the bias application. A greater magnitude of hysteresis in case of planar heterojunction and Al2O3 mesostrcutre cells in comparison to TiO2 mesostructure cells evidently indicated the significance of bulk property of perovskite in origin of hysteresis. It could be related to polarizability that influences charge carrier separation and transport processes in the perovskite film. In transient photocurrent dynamics, all devices showed fast photocurrent response under light switching between on and off. This indicates that electrons and holes efficiently collected in all types of the cells. In addition, we observed that photocurrent in the cells increased almost linearly with bias voltage under 1 sun illumination, which suggests light-induced polarization of perovskite. This polarization process in the perovskite film alters the electron collection in the cell during the backward and forward scan, resulting in generation of hysteresis in the I-V characteristics.
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