Publication date: 10th April 2024
As commercial sodium-ion-batteries (SIBs) are available for purchase now, it is possible to investigate their electrochemical properties and material composition. Gaining an insight into the material composition of these SIBs is of interest not only for the classification of possible safety risks and hazards, but also regarding recycling. Herein we report the current investigations of the chemical and structural composition of recently available commercial SIB-cells.
Herein, our latest results of commercially purchased cylindrical SIB-cells will be presented. For two different cell types, the characteristic electrical features, e.g., capacity, Coulombic efficiency, and initial cycle life, will be discussed. Intriguingly, the cycling stability greatly differs between the cell types. Moreover, the cells were disassembled allowing the in-depth investigation of electrode sheet and material properties. Disassembly reveals aluminium foil is used as current collector for anode and for cathode and no copper is found as current collector in the respective cells. Furthermore, geometric electrode parameters will be presented. Considering the amount of active material and its cycling performance, the theoretical possible capacity values can be obtained. These values will be compared to the practical capacities measured and the values specified by the manufacturer. Further in-depth characterization on material level, i.e., SEM/EDX (scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy), GD-OES (glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy), LIBS (laser induced breakdown spectroscopy) and Raman spectroscopy reveal that the cathode active material is composed of a cobalt free Ni-Mn-Fe-oxide. Moreover, the anode active material is graphite-free, and the particle structure points to a biomass-derived hard carbon material. Finally, the aim is to investigate if it is possible to link cell type specific electrical features to certain material and/or electrode sheet properties.
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