Publication date: 10th April 2024
All-solid-state batteries (SSBs) based on lithium conducting solid electrolytes are potentially safer and feature higher energy density compared to today’s lithium-ion batteries. Both properties make SSBs promising candidates to replace today's predominant battery system.[1] However, in conjunction with high-voltage cathode materials, the Fermi level of the cathode can exceed the stability window of the electrolyte. Then, side reactions take place at the cathode-electrolyte interface, reducing battery performance.[2] Nanometer-thick surface coatings have therefore been developed on cathode particles to improve interface stability but not decrease ion mobility. However, the exact properties of the surface coatings is often unclear due to a lack of sufficient characterisation tools.[3]
Characterisation of the thin film coatings is challenging due to their small mass and volume fractions in the cathode. Typically, coatings are analysed by comparing changes in the cycling performance of battery cells and by optical techniques. However, these characterisation tools are not sufficient to provide information about the coverage and chemical composition of the coating.[3]
Here, we report infrared nano-spectroscopy and imaging based on scanning force microscopy performed on surface coatings. We verify the composition and distribution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/ sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfone)s in Li+ (sPPs-Li) complex coatings on LiNi0.9Mn0.05Co0.05O2 (NCM) particles. We find characteristic peaks for the PVP/ sPPs-Li coating even for 1-2 nm thin coatings. Infrared imaging and spectroscopy reveal that the PVP/sPPs-Li coating is evenly distributed and no pinholes are present on NCM particles.
First, nano scale chemical characterization helps to optimize coating procedures. Secondly, infrared imaging enables to correlate chemical composition to cell performance. Here, we show that infrared nano-spectroscopy and imaging can provide us with the necessary tools to gain further information about thin surface coatings for cathode particles that is not accessible by standard analytical tools.
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