Publication date: 10th April 2024
The fundamental Li and electron transport properties of battery materials and their interfaces are crucial to the solid state battery performance. They determine the achievable charge/discharge rates, power densities etc.1 However, it is challenging to deconvolve the fundamental transport properties of materials and interfaces in composite systems as they are affected by the particle morphology, conductive additives and the cathode-electrolyte interfaces.2 In this work, we take advantage of the well-defined interfaces and morphology of thin-film batteries to measure the ionic and electronic conductivities of NMC811 with respect to SOC circumventing the abovementioned challenges of measuring these properties in a bulk system. Briefly, NMC811 is deposited on stainless-steel-ITO substrates using magnetron sputtering. The cathode layer is then annealed in a tube furnace in an oxygen atmosphere at 600 °C for 1 h. LiPON solid state electrolyte is deposited on the annealed cathode using magnetron sputtering, followed by evaporation of a Li metal anode and Cu current collector. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at different cell voltages of these full solid-state, thin-film batteries we monitor the dependence of impedance of the cells with respect to their state of charge. Varying the thickness of the individual layers allows us to deconvolve the contributions of the individual layers' conductivity as well as the charge-transfer impedance at the interfaces. Thus, the change in conductivities and interfacial resistance can be determined. The results provide important insights about the fundamental properties, which in turn will help guide the design of high-performance cells based on the industrially relevant NMC811. The methodology can then be extended to other materials systems.
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