Publication date: 10th April 2024
For battery development there is a need to produce structured component electrode for optimised electrochemical and recycling performance.
3D printing is an ideal method to approach this challenge as it allows controlled deposition of materials in an interconnected manner.
The introduction of 3D extruded electrodes enables quality-oriented manufacturing, by reducing environmental impact and design for recycling- oriented approach.
In the standard electrode format high tortuosity mitigates Li-ion diffusion which results in poor performance at high discharge rates. Moreover, mixed two-component electrodes, comprising of multiple components make efficient recycling of active materials challenging.
The most optimal way to achieve 3D structured high energy electrodes produced in a high through output manner is to concurrent 3D printing of multi-material components and multi-nozzle set up. Multi-material 3D printing enables reduction of the deposition time making the process controllable and time efficient.
In this research, negative electrodes of two chemistries: graphite and hard carbon together with SiOx have been investigated. The designed 3D structured electrodes, printed via the Direct Ink Writing (DIW) extrusion process, were aimed to overcome difficulties associated with traditionally doctor-blade or slot-die coated negative electrodes.
The electrode design was targeted at direct-loop recycling that aims to recover the active materials in separate streams in order to maintain the original properties of the active materials and to eliminate cross-contamination during recycling process. As it is industrially important to recover electrode constituents as two separate streams when the battery reaches an end-of-life to achieve efficient recycling and enable re-manufacturing.
In this work we introduce twofold property of the channels: low tortuosity electrodes result in enhanced Li-ion diffusion. Power and energy density were improved by uniform distribution of active material and conductive additives. Improved separation and recovery efficiency of components were achieved by controlled wettability of the DIW printed electrodes.
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