Publication date: 10th April 2024
Solid oxide cells (SOCs), which replace oxygen ion conductors with proton conductors, are called protonic ceramic cells (PCCs) and are emerging as a game changer in the clean energy market due to the promising feasibility of low-temperature operation. PCC has similarities to SOC in cell structure and material selection. Therefore, it was expected that rapid progress would be achieved based on many previous studies. However, except for a few representative outcomes, PCC does not show a clear comparative advantage in performance compared to SOC. Despite the advantages of the electrolyte, the electrochemical activity of the electrodes, especially the air electrode, has a significant impact on the overall cell performance. Therefore, to overcome the aforementioned limitation, an in-depth understanding of the electrochemical reactions occurring at the electrode must be preceded, which can provide fundamental insights for designing highly active electrodes. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of the reactions occurring in the air electrode, few related studies have been reported.
In this work, we perform a case study using a geometrically well-controlled thin film-based model electrochemical cell fabricated by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). BaFeO3-based perovskite oxide was chosen as the air electrode material, and a current collector was embedded (Pt pattern patterned with photolithography) to selectively observe only the surface reaction at the thin film and gas interface. In particular, we present a reliable electrochemical model platform in which surface degradation of Ba-containing air electrode materials and electrolyte hole leakage in a single chamber setup are effectively suppressed. Using this, the active region and reaction pathway are observed through electrochemical characterization (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and real-time surface chemical analysis (ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) under various gas partial pressures & overpotentials. Our study contributes to building mechanistic guidelines for designing highly active air electrodes for protonic ceramic cells.
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