Publication date: 10th April 2024
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most promising energy devices owing to their high power density and long-term stability. In particular, the graphite anodes have been predominantly used as the negative electrode due to the good cycling stability, electrolyte compatibility and low cost. However, graphite anode degradations have a significant impact on the overall battery capacity during battery operations. Notably, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and volume expansion known as the most common anode degradations are challenging to detect through the experiments, thus there has been a growing trend in using computational simulations for anode degradation research. However, most of the research related to the identification of graphite anode degradation mechanisms by the simulations have not considered the chemical and mechanical degradations at the same time during the battery operation process. Also, they underestimate the heterogeneous effect of the anode electrodes. Therefore, we present an electro-chemo-mechanical 4D-resolved model for anode degradation during various charging rates using the heterogeneous graphite anode structures. From this work, we identify a realistic representation of the correlation between chemical and mechanical anode degradations. Our model provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex anode degradation mechanisms.