Publication date: 10th April 2024
Over the past 10 years, significant development on materials, cells, stacks and sytem integrating proton-conducting oxides have been conducted in a series of European projects (WINNER, GAMER, PROTOSTACK). Proton conducting oxide materials have several unique characteristics that distinguish them from oxygen ion conducting oxides and proton-conducting polymers. By enabling proton-mediated electrochemistry under both dry and wet environments at moderate temperatures (e.g. 400–600 °C), these materials provide unique opportunities to enhance a diverse range of complementary electrochemical and thermochemical processes while providing storage solutions. Leveraging these characteristics, the projects have focused on designing, manufacturing, assembling and testing tubular cells and stacks to alleviate thermo-mechanical constraints when operating in high pressure (10 bar). As starting point, the cells contain BZCY-based electrolyte, BZCY-Ni tubular hydrogen electrode and BGLC-BZCY composite steam + O2 electrode. Further improvement of the cells is achieved by designing a dual layered electrode with addition of a BGLC top layer, as will be shown by comparing the electrochemical performance of these architectures. The cells are integrated in tubular steel shells forming the so called "single engineering units" (SEU). The SEUs have ca. 50-60 cm2 active surface area and are tested in pressurized steam electrolysis operation at intermediate temperature (600°C) and up to 10 bar pressure demonstrating high faradaic efficiency (> 80%) and reasonable area specific resistance. A dedicated design assembly of the SEUs to produce racks of 16 SEUs mounted in series has been developed in the project, as well as an integrated system design with necessary balance of plant components. Results of this system operated at ambient pressure and up to 7 bar will be presented. Knowledge gained from operations of the SEUs and system have highlighted the dramatic impact of Cr evaporation on cells performance, microstructure and composition, as will be presented. Mitigations strategies will also be discussed.
The projects WINNER, GAMER, PROTOSTACK are supported by the Clean Hydrogen Partnership and its members Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe Research.
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