Publication date: 10th April 2024
Improving battery safety is a top priority for consumers and battery manufactures. For that reason, a variety of approaches have been investigated to prevent thermal runaway, which is the uncontrollable accelerating heating of batteries that causes fires/explosions.
We have recently pioneered the use of ceramic materials, introduced inside the batteries, to achieve a fast and early shutdown of the electrochemical reactions triggering the thermal runaway [1]. The ceramic material was a La and Nb co-doped BaTiO3 whose resistivity drastically increased with temperature. As a result, when the battery heated under abuse conditions (overcharge and overheating testing), the ceramic material became insulating, thus effectively stopping the battery electrochemical reactions that release heat and induce further, escalating battery heating. Therefore, the introduction of this ceramic material can effectively complement other safety measures to produce batteries that remain safe even when they are operated outside their specifications.
Another approach to enhance battery safety is the implementation of solid electrolytes, which can be achieved with the help of a small amount of liquid electrolytes to facilitate materials’ contacts. Unfortunately, the interface between solid and liquid electrolytes associates a large resistance, which then compromises battery performance, but we have shown that the introduction of water in low concentrations as an additive effectively suppresses such interfacial resistance [2].
Financial support from EPSRC under the Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund (EP/R021295/1), the Faraday Institution degradation project (EP/S003053/1) and an early career fellowship to NGA (EP/N024303/1) is gratefully acknowledged.
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