Publication date: 10th April 2024
Materials with oxygen storage capacity can be used to make chemical processes more efficient and more environmentally benign. The original way of making hydrogen some 120 years ago was known as the steam-iron process. Iron oxide was reduced in a fuel gas to produce particulate iron. This iron was then oxidised in steam to produce hydrogen and magnetite. The cycle was then repeated. Such processes have the advantage of separating the products of the fuel oxidation from the hydrogen product leading to a greater thermodynamic efficiency and less need for further separation. The reactor functions in what is known as a 'chemical looping' mode whereby a bed of solid oxygen carrier is exposed to gaseous oxidising streams and reducing streams in a periodic fashion.
As a result of their inherent advantages, chemical looping processes are once again in the research spotlight. Of interest is oxygen carrier material design to fit the chemical process in question, oxygen carrier synthesis and oxygen carrier characterisation (particularly in-situ or preferably operando). Here we will discuss these aspects and refer to recent studies concerning the use of ‘exsolution’ to produce more active oxygen carrier materials [1] as well as the use of advanced characterisation techniques including in-situ TEM [2] and operando synchrotron-based XRD [3] and neutron scattering.
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