Publication date: 2nd November 2020
Cesium antimony iodide (Cs3Sb2I9) is a lead-free perovskite vouched as a promising alternative to its lead-based counterparts. Cs3Sb2I9 exists in two polymorphs – the dimer form (indirect bandgap of 2.3 eV) and the layered form (direct band gap of 2.05 eV). [1], [2] However, halide perovskites are also known for their poor stability in the air, which makes their commercialization a challenge. [3], [4] A detailed study on the stability of Cs3Sb2I9 was essential for its efficient use in photovoltaic modules.
This work explains the degradation of the two polymorphs of Cs3Sb2I9 in water, light, and elevated temperature – the well-known factors causing degradation in perovskites, using X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. We observed that all these factors contribute to the degradation of Cs3Sb2I9 individually as well as combined. Based on the observations and previous reports we proposed a possible mechanism for degradation – the diffusion of iodine from the system is the prime reason for the degradation in Cs3Sb2I9. Also, the reactivity of antimony iodide (SbI3) in oxygen adds up to accelerate the degradation process. The degradation of both the polymorphs, however, is observed to be reversible to the dimer form in the presence of hydroiodic acid. Hence, use of this material for device applications in the ambient atmosphere would need proper encapsulation or necessary measures.
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