Ten years of rapid development of metal halide perovskites as ionizing detection materials.

Sergii Yakunin^a^,^b, Kostiantyn Sakhatskyi^a^,^b, Maksym Kovalenko^a^,^b

^aLaboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland

^bLaboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland

Proceedings of Perovskite and Organic Semiconductors for Next-Generation Photodetectors and Space Application (NextPDs)

Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2024 June 10th - 11th

Organizers: Michele Sessolo, Beatrice Fraboni and Marisé Garcia-Batlle

Invited Speaker, Sergii Yakunin, presentation 006
Publication date: 19th April 2024

Over the past decade, metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged[1] as revolutionary materials for ionising radiation detection and have captivated the X-ray detector development community. These materials offer an unprecedented combination of ease of growth from precursor solutions at moderate temperatures and properties on par with the best existing detector materials.

The remarkable efficiency of MHPs is attributed to their high heavy atom content, fast charge transport, optimal bandgap and versatility of deposition and growth techniques. Early experiments with polycrystalline solution-grown films showed significant X-ray sensitivity[2]. Subsequent advances in single-crystal fabrication have enabled single-photon counting capabilities and energy resolution, the possibilities which were previously unattainable with solution-grown materials[3].

Despite these successes, optimal solution-grown MHP compositions have faced significant thermodynamic challenges, some of which have been mitigated by strategic modification of cations and anions[4]. The durability of perovskite detectors under external fields, required for efficient charge extraction, has been problematic due to the ionic structure of the crystal lattice, which promotes ion migration. Nevertheless, recent innovations[5] in the confined growth of high-quality single crystals on substrates have led to zero-bias operation of X-ray detectors, achieving near-ideal performance and significantly improved stability[6].

However, the path to commercialisation is hampered by issues such as ion migration and the relatively slow response of the detectors, as well as the need for novel integration strategies with CMOS chips or TFT displays due to the unique mechanical and chemical properties of MHPs.

References:

[1] Stoumpos, C.C., et al., Crystal Growth of the Perovskite Semiconductor CsPbBr3: A New Material for High-Energy Radiation Detection. Crystal Growth & Design, 2013, 13, 2722-2727.

[2] Yakunin, S., Sytnyk, M., Kriegner, D., Shrestha, S., Richter, M., Matt, G. J., Azimi, H., Brabec, C. J., Stangl, J., Kovalenko, M. V., & Heiss, W., Detection of X-ray photons by solution-processed lead halide perovskites. Nature Photonics, 2015, 9, 444-449.

[3] Yakunin, S., Dirin, D. N., Shynkarenko, Y., Morad, V., Cherniukh, I., Nazarenko, O., Kreil, D., Nauser, T., & Kovalenko, M. V., Detection of gamma photons using solution-grown single crystals of hybrid lead halide perovskites. Nature Photonics, 2016, 10, 585-589.

[4] Nazarenko, O., Yakunin, S., Morad, V., Cherniukh, I., & Kovalenko, M. V., Single crystals of caesium formamidinium lead halide perovskites: solution growth and gamma dosimetry. NPG Asia Materials, 2017, 9, e373-e373.

[5] Turedi, B., Lintangpradipto, M. N., Sandberg, O. J., Yazmaciyan, A., Matt, G. J., Alsalloum, A. Y., Almasabi, K., Sakhatskyi, K., Yakunin, S., Zheng, X., Naphade, R., Nematulloev, S., Yeddu, V., Baran, D., Armin, A., Saidaminov, M. I., Kovalenko, M. V., Mohammed, O. F., & Bakr, O. M., Single-Crystal Perovskite Solar Cells Exhibit Close to Half A Millimeter Electron-Diffusion Length. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34, 2202390.

[6] Sakhatskyi, K., Turedi, B., Matt, G. J., Wu, E., Sakhatska, A., Bartosh, V., Lintangpradipto, M. N., Naphade, R., Shorubalko, I., Mohammed, O. F., Yakunin, S., Bakr, O. M., & Kovalenko, M. V., Stable perovskite single-crystal X-ray imaging detectors with single-photon sensitivity. Nature Photonics, 2023, 17, 510-517.

Acknowledgements:

Swiss Innovation Agency (Innosuisse) for a grant 46894.1 IP-ENG (Materials for Integrated Photon Counting Detectors) and ETH Zürich for the ETH+ Project SynMatLab: Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Synthesis.

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