Proceedings of nanoGe Spring Meeting 2022 (NSM22)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nsm.2022.032
Publication date: 7th February 2022
Nanosized bioelectronic detecting interfaces have been the privileged pathway to single-molecule detections so far. However, while giving access to rarer events, this near-field approach is unsuited to detect at concentrations lower than nanomolar because of the diffusion-barrier issue. Namely, it will be statistically extremely improbably for a nanometric interface to encounter the target analyte if the solution is too diluted.
At the same time, biomarkers are becoming the preferred highway toward early diagnosis of progressive diseases, such as tumors or neurodegenerative syndromes. When it comes to infective diseases the immunometric direct detection of a pathogen (instead of its genome) is a faster way, as it requires no sample pretreatment. The possibility of detecting a marker (proteins, genomic strands as well as whole viruses or bacteria) in a peripheral biofluid such as blood or even saliva, makes the process also minimally invasive. The sooner the detection is, the earlier the diagnosis will be, the easier for a clinician to fight the battle against a disease, is. Nowadays there is the possibility to detect a single strand of a mutated gene for the early diagnosis of tumours or to detect a single copy of a viral DNA. Still a commercial system that can reliably detect a single-proteins in a sample of 0.1 ml of a real biofluid, is not available.
Large-area (μm^2 - mm^2 wide) bioelectronic transistors are perceived as unsuited due to the irrelevant footprint of a single molecule on a much larger detecting interface. Indeed, detecting such an event would be like spotting the wave generated by a single droplet of water falling on a one-kilometer-wide pond. However, many field-effect large-area biosensors have been shown to detect at limit-of-detection below femtomolar, being also naturally suited for point-of-care applications. In this lecture the field is reviewed, illustrating device architectures, materials used, and target analytes that can be selectively detected. The sensing mechanisms and the amplification effects enabling the large-area bioelectronic sensor to detect at the physical limit are also detailed.
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