Materials and processes for efficient and stable large-scale perovskite solar modules
Anurag Krishna a
a Imec, imo-imomec, Thin Film PV Technology, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, Belgium
NIPHO
Proceedings of International Conference on Perovskite Thin Film Photovoltaics and Perovskite Photonics and Optoelectronics (NIPHO24)
Sardinia, Italy, 2024 June 17th - 18th
Organizers: Giulia Grancini, Francesca Brunetti and Maria Antonietta Loi
Invited Speaker, Anurag Krishna, presentation 025
Publication date: 25th April 2024

Metal Halide perovskites have emerged as highly promising candidates for photovoltaics with the certified record power conversion efficiency (PCE) reaching 26.1% for single-junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs)[1]. However, to date, most of the reported highly efficient PSCs were obtained based on the regular n-i-p architectures at the laboratory scale, i.e., typically ~0.1 cm2 [2-5], which are not suitable for upscaling. Inverted p-i-n cells, on the other hand, are attractive for upscaling due to their architecture simplicity at relatively low material cost and potentially high stability, however, their PCE still lags behind the n-i-p counterparts [6,7]. Therefore, our work has been focused on improving the efficiency of p-i-n cells and scaling them to produce efficient and stable modules. To push the PCE of cells, we developed a dual interface passivation strategy which led to a champion PCE of 24.3% for small-area cells and a champion PCE of 22.6% for a 3.63 cm2 mini-module. Next, we developed a bladed-coated interlayer to passivate the NiOx/perovskite interface. As a result, PCEs of 21.8% and 20.5% are demonstrated for cells of 0.13 cm2 and 1 cm2, respectively. The scalability of this p-i-n architecture is successfully demonstrated, achieving aperture area module efficiencies of 19.7%, 17.5%, and 15.5% for minimodules of 4 cm2, 16 cm2, and 100 cm2, respectively. Furthermore, we have upscaled up our baseline process and device stack to large-area modules. We fabricated bi-facial (781 cm2) perovskite solar modules exhibiting a power conversion efficiency of 16.3%, respectively. Moreover, the bi-facial mini-module retained ~ 92% of initial PCE after 1000 h of standard IEC 61215-based damp heat (85 °C, 85% relative humidity) test.

 

[1] NREL Best Research-Cell Efficiencies Chart. Accessed on May 10, 2023.

 

[2] Min, H. et al. Perovskite solar cells with atomically coherent interlayers on SnO2 electrodes. Nature 598, 444–450 (2021).

 

[3] Zhao, Y. et al. Inactive (PbI2)2RbCl stabilizes perovskite films for efficient solar cells. Science 377, 531–534 (2022).

 

[4] Zhang, T. et al. Ion-modulated radical doping of spiro-OMeTAD for more efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Science 377, 495–501 (2022).

 

[5] Kim, M. et al. Conformal quantum dot–SnO2 layers as electron transporters for efficient perovskite solar cells. Science 375, 302–306 (2022).

 

[6] Jiang, Q. et al., Surface reaction for efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells, Nature 611, 278–283 (2022).

 

[7] Li, Z et al., Organometallic-functionalized interfaces for highly efficient inverted perovskite solar cells. Science 376, 416–420 (2022).

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