Proceedings of Materials for Sustainable Development Conference (MAT-SUS) (NFM22)
Publication date: 11th July 2022
In the last decade, perovskite solar cells (PSC) became an emerging field of research in solar cell technologies due to the rapid progress in terms of power conversion efficiency. The main difference between well-known silicon solar cells and PSC is the different materials used for the light-absorption layer. Although silicon solar cells are widely used, PSC still has to overcome some issues, including improving long-term stability. One of the key components of PSC is hole transporting material (HTM). Unfortunately, the dopants used for carrier transport can reduce the stability of PSC.
A few years ago, dopant-free carbazole-based monolayers were introduced in PSC as materials that show promising results. The best result has been achieved using a phosphonic acid monolayer called 2PACz. The monolayers for HTM were synthesized from carbazole derivatives as a starting material, which is often used in materials for photovoltaic devices and ensures a suitable energy level for PSC. Moreover, to ensure strong ties with the surface, phosphonic acid was selected as an anchoring group. Furthermore, the molecular structure of the monolayer is easily transformable, and different functional groups or linkers between carbazole moiety and anchoring group can be used. For example, it is expected that longer chains could improve the ordering of the monolayer film, however, at the cost of reduced ability to transport charges.
To test that, new series of carbazole-based monolayers were synthesized. Firstly, starting carbazole derivatives were alkylated using dibromoalkanes to give intermediate compounds with an aliphatic bromide functional group. Secondly, alkylated substituents were transformed into phosphonic acid ethyl ester, during Arbuzov reaction. In the last step, ester cleavage was performed using a reaction with bromotrimethylsilane, with subsequent hydrolysis, to give the final compounds.
The structures of the synthesized materials were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Materials were tested in photovoltaic devices and the results show that performance decreases due to the increased length of the aliphatic chain.
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