Proceedings of Materials for Sustainable Development Conference (MAT-SUS) (NFM22)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2022.217
Publication date: 11th July 2022
Solid-state batteries pairing a ceramic solid electrolyte with an alkali metal anode promise to improve the safety and energy density of cells. However, cycling solid-state cells at practical current densities in the mA/cm2 range can lead to cell failure. While much attention has been devoted to understanding dendrite penetration when plating the anode (charging), the formation of voids when stripping the metal anode (discharging) also has an important role in failure. In this study, stripping of lithium and sodium metal anodes has been investigated as a function of current density, stack-pressure and temperature, revealing the importance of creep in the alkali metal anode on void formation. To explore this, we have used a combination of 3-electrode cells, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray tomography. We show that above a critical current density on stripping, voids will accumulate on cycling at the metal anode/solid electrolyte interface, eventually leading to failure of the cell. It is therefore necessity to strip the metal anode below this limiting current density, as discharging above this critical rate leads to high local currents that can trigger dendrite penetration into the solid electrolyte on subsequent charges. However, we demonstrate that cycling solid-state batteries under moderately elevated stack-pressures and temperatures increases the critical current for voiding by promoting creep in the metal anode, enabling stable discharge at higher rates.
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