Proceedings of Materials for Sustainable Development Conference (MAT-SUS) (NFM22)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2022.039
Publication date: 11th July 2022
A solar cell is an energy conversion device from natural to renewable energy. Since the supplying energy from a solar cell fluctuates, energy storage is required for a user-on-demand energy supply system. The energy needs to change into the storable form of a battery and of hydrogen. The battery can respond to rapid power change, but the cost is proportional to the storage size. Therefore, it is suitable for a relatively small amount of energy storage. Hydrogen is good for relatively large energy storage because the storage cost is not so expensive. However, it is not suitable for a rapid reaction because the water electrolyzer and fuel cell respond slowly. Thus, the hybrid system of the battery and hydrogen storage is needed for the user-on-demand and especially for the independent energy supply system. The system optimization is, however, still obscure due to its complexity. Suitable device characteristics are also needed for system optimization.
The first discussion point is the device size and efficiency of the system. The direct use of the generated energy from the solar cells is the most efficient, but the user needs the energy independent of the solar power generation period. Thus, the capacity of the storage and the conversion efficiency of devices must be considered in the design of the energy supply system. The design is complicated especially for the battery and hydrogen hybrid storage system due to the multiple storage devices existing in a system. The system design procedure was evaluated using the independent self-controlled energy supply system [1]. It was clarified that the energy storage methods and the generated power by solar cells or the user demand are essential to determine the system size.
The second discussion point is that the device response affects the system's operation. The DC/DC converter is used in the system to convert the voltage between the DC bus line and the device operations [1]. A typical DC/DC converter focuses on the current stability and not on the instantaneous over- or under-voltage existing at the step-like current change. Especially, small-sized DC/DC converters tend to be observed these voltages. These instantaneous voltages affect the system operation and make the system operation unstable in some cases. The response without these voltages was found to be important for stable system operation.
Parts of this work were based on results obtained from a project commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO, Grant No. JPNP14021).
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