Improving Long Term Stability of Pure Formamidinium Perovskite Solar Cells by Ambient Air Additive Assisted Fabrication
Kunnummal Mangott Muhammed Salim a, Sofia Masi a, Andrés F. Gualdrón-Reyes a, Rafael S. Sánchez a, Eva M. Barea a, Marie Kreĉmarová b, Juan F. Sánchez-Royo b c, Iván Mora-Seró a
a 1 Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), University Jaume I, Avinguda de Vicent Sos Baynat, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
b Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), University of Valencia, Carrer del Catedrátic José Beltrán Martinez, 2, Paterna, Spain
c MATINÉE: CSIC Associated Unit (ICMM-ICMUV of the University of Valencia), Universidad de Valencia, Carrer del Catedrátic José Beltrán Martinez, 2, Paterna, Spain
Materials for Sustainable Development Conference (MATSUS)
Proceedings of nanoGe Fall Meeting 2021 (NFM21)
#PerFun21. Perovskites I: Solar Cells, Lighting, and Related Optoelectronics
Online, Spain, 2021 October 18th - 22nd
Organizers: Eva Unger and Feng Gao
Contributed talk, Kunnummal Mangott Muhammed Salim, presentation 190
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2021.190
Publication date: 23rd September 2021

The high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are mostly fabricated in a glovebox under controlled inert environments.[1] Even though there are many advancements have been made in the PSCs, it still limits the operational longevity under ambient atmospheric conditions.  The formamidinium lead iodide (FAPI) perovskite, is the most appealing Pb-based 3D halide perovskite for solar cell application because of its narrow bandgap.[1,2] However, the FAPI perovskite a-black phase is not stable at room temperature and is challenging to stabilize in an ambient environment due to its thermodynamic stability limitation.[2] We show that pure FAPI PSCs show significantly higher stability when prepared under ambient air compared to FAPI PSCs fabricated under nitrogen. The concomitant use of the N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and the preparation under air conditions is demonstrated as an effective combination to structurally stabilize the a-phase of the material and to improve the film quality, which is handled in the air for the fabrication of the solar cell. However, the most dramatic change observed among cells fabricated in a different environment is in the long term stability of unencapsulated devices where the T80 parameter, increases from 21 (in N2) to 112 days (in ambient) to 145 days if PbS quantum dots (QDs) are introduced as additives in air-prepared FAPI PSCs.[3] Furthermore, by adding methylammonium chloride (MACl) the PCE reaches 19.4% and devices maintain 100% of the original performance during two months of storage at ambient conditions. The increase of stability for air fabricated FAPI PSCs is correlated to the presence of Pb-O bonds only in the FAPI films prepared in ambient conditions, thus opening the way to a new strategy for the stabilization in the air towards perovskite solar cells commercialization.

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