Proceedings of nanoGe Fall Meeting 2021 (NFM21)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2021.135
Publication date: 23rd September 2021
Molecular doping is a powerful tool that is widely used for controlling the electrical properties of conjugated polymers. To design and develop polymer:dopant systems with improved ionization and/or dissociation efficiency, it is essential to measure the number of charges that are created on the backbone of the conjugated polymer. Here, it will be shown how a combination of UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, spectro-electrochemistry and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy can be used to determine the number of polarons. P-doping of polythiophenes with alkyl or oligoether side chains will be compared in terms of the oxidation level and electrical properties. The strongest polaron density that can be achieved with oxidants such as F4TCNQ and Magic Blue is on the order of 5x1026 m-3, corresponding to an oxidation level of about 15%. Dopants with a high electron affinity, in combination with polymers that feature a low ionization energy of less than 5 eV give rise to double doping. The resulting exchange of two electrons between polymer and dopant allows to double the ionization efficiency and hence half the number of dopant molecules that are needed to achieve a certain oxidation level.
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