Electrochemical CO2 Conversion on metal-oxides-based nanostructures and scale-up challenges
Simelys Hernández a, Hilmar Guzmán a, Samir Bensaid a, Nunzio Russo a
a CREST group, Department of applied science and technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino, Italy
Materials for Sustainable Development Conference (MATSUS)
Proceedings of nanoGe Fall Meeting 2021 (NFM21)
#SolCat21. (Photo-)Electrocatalysis: From the Atomistic to System Scale
Online, Spain, 2021 October 18th - 22nd
Organizers: Karen Chan, Sophia Haussener and Brian Seger
Contributed talk, Simelys Hernández, presentation 106
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2021.106
Publication date: 23rd September 2021

The electrocatalytic (EC) CO2 reduction (CO2R) can be exploited for the energy transition and to store C into valuable products like syngas (H2/CO mixtures), organic acids (formic acid) and chemicals/fuels (C1+ alcohols).1 A big challenge for the industrialization of this technology is to find low-cost electrocatalyst, efficient reactors and process conditions. Noble metals like Ag and Au are the most used ones for syngas production.2 To reduce the catalyst cost, we developed electrodes made of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on TiO2 nanotubes (NTs),3 showing a higher electrochemical surface area and electrons transport than a bare Ag. Titania was used as an efficient support, for enhancing the stability of key CO2- radical intermediate and decreasing the EC CO2R overpotential. We are also exploiting the current knowledge of the thermocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation to develop noble-metal-free CO2R electrocatalysts.4–6 For instance, Cu/Zn/Al-based catalysts producing methanol and CO from the CO2 thermocatalytic (TC) hydrogenation (at H2 pressure (P) of 30 bar and temperature (T) > 200 oC) generates H2, CO and other C1 to C3 liquid products during the electrochemical CO2R in a gas-diffusion-electrode system; while operating in the liquid phase, the same catalyst produces syngas with a tunable composition (depending on the applied potential) and other liquid C2+ products (in both cases at ambient T,P). Our results open a promising path for the prospective implementation of metal-oxides nanostructures for the CO2 conversion to the chemicals and fuels of the future. From an environmental and technoeconomic analysis applied to the case of study of the scaled-up  methanol production, including downstream purification processes, we determined that optimized EC process conditions could lead to a practical implementation of this technology; that is, recirculation of the not reacted CO2, achievement of current densities in the range of 100-200 mA/cm2 with faradaic efficiencies (> 90%), and use of renewable electricity sources (i.e. 30% of the total energy).4  Hence, considering the effective allocation of methanol on a real market scenario, the EC process results to be economically advantageous over the TC one at productivity scales as low as 19.1 kg/h, and could lead to a carbon footprint that is comparable to that of current industrial technologies for methanol production (climate change impact of 2.72 kgCO2/kgCH3OH). Moreover, in a scenario with a 100% renewable energy such as photovoltaic, it is possible to reach savings in that carbon footprint of up to 62%.

This work has received financial support by the EU H2020 Projects SunCOChem grant agreement: 862192.

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