Proceedings of nanoGe Fall Meeting19 (NFM19)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2019.266
Publication date: 18th July 2019
The introduction of non-fullerene acceptors has provided several recent record efficiencies in organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, reaching now above 16% for single-junction devices. While these developments have provided a strong boost to the OPV field, more efforts have to be devoted to the up-scaling of such high performance OPV devices, which includes scalability of the active layers as well as the employed electrodes and interlayers. In terms of interlayers, metal oxide thin films have been widely used in OPV devices where they act as contact layers selective to either hole or electron transport, and thus support efficient carrier extraction from the cells. Well-known examples are titanium and molybdenum oxides, used in both organic and perovskite solar cells, with new variations appearing as the technologies develop further. In recent work, we have demonstrated that sputtered metal oxides thin films may act as interlayers in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, where they can act as both efficient and stable carrier extraction layers.
Here, recent progress made on reactively sputtered metal oxide hole1 and electron2 contact layers is presented. In both systems, a strong correlation between initial material composition and annealing condition to the microstructure of the films is given, leading to a pronounced improvement in their carrier extraction capabilities. Supported by a variety of surface science characterization studies, the importance of the energy band alignment, work function, microstructure, oxygen vacancies, optical and electrical properties and intrinsic stability on their performance as contact layers in OPV devices is discussed. Importantly, a new crystalline MoOx system employed for efficient hole extraction is shown to lead to a significantly prolonged OPV device lifetimes, and a new crystalline TiOx layer is shown to lead to an efficient electron extraction with s-shape free current-voltage characteristics, in striking difference to established TiOx interlayers. In order to meet the requirements on scalable OPV development, the up-scaling of these new metal oxide interlayer systems is discussed, considering recent results on industrially relevant OPV device development3. This includes Sheet-to-Sheet (S2S) and Roll-to-Roll (R2R) processing of OPV devices and modules, using combined solution and vacuum based techniques.
1 M. Ahmadpour, A. L. F. Cauduro, C. Méthivier, B. Kunert, C. Labanti, R. Resel, V Turkovic, H.-G. Rubahn, N. Witkowski, A. K. Schmid and M. Madsen, Crystalline molybdenum oxide layers as efficient and stable hole contacts in organic photovoltaic devices, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2, 420 (2019)
2 M Mirsafaei, P B. Jensen, M. Ahmadpour, H. Lakhotiya, J. L. Hansen, B. Julsgaard, H.-G. Rubahn, R. Lazzari, N. Witkowski, P. Balling and M. Madsen, Sputter deposited titanium oxide layers as efficient electron selective contacts in organic photovoltaic devices, under review (2019)
3 E. Destouesse, M. Top, J. Lamminaho, H.-G. Rubahn, J. Fahlteich and M. Madsen, Slot-die processing and encapsulation of non-fullerene based ITO-free organic solar cells and modules, under review (2019)
M.M. acknowledges ‘Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond, DFF FTP for funding of the project React-PV, No. 8022-00389B. V.T. and M.M. acknowledges ‘Villum Foundation’ for funding of the project CompliantPV, under project number 13365. This work was supported by the European Commission's StableNextSol COST Action MP1307. This work has been developed within the RollFlex project, part-financed by Interreg Deutschland-Danmark with means from the European Regional Development Fund and the Southern Denmark Growth Forum. BJ, PB and M.M acknowledges the Innovation Fund Denmark for support of the ‘SunTune’ project.
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