Proceedings of nanoGe Fall Meeting19 (NFM19)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2019.263
Publication date: 18th July 2019
Hybrid halide perovskites are an extremely promising material platform for next generation photovoltaics. To exploit the full potential of the technology and to reduce production costs, vacuum‑free roll-to-roll manufacturing with environmentally benign chemicals would be desired. In the vast majority of reports on perovskite solar cells, the top electrode is typically thermally evaporated in vacuum. On the other hand, various solvents used in the deposition of the top electrode by spray coating, doctor blading or printing may critically damage the perovskite below.[1,2] for example, e.g. silver nanowires (Ag-NW) processed from water or carbon processed as a paste from ethoxyethylacetate (high boiling, incombustible) destroy the perovskite at an instant.
Here we will show that the implementation of an electrically conductive and physically dense (impermeable) barrier grown by ALD is able to efficiently block the ingress of corrosive solvents into the perovskite stack. As an example, ALD grown SnOx which is transparent and conductive, can be utilized as electron transport layer in the device stack and can concomitantly function as an internal barrier.[3,4] Based on this concept, we are able to present the first perovskite solar cells with liquid processed semitransparent Ag-NW electrode from an aqueous dispersion. The resulting semi-transparent cells show power conversion efficiencies exceeding 15%. A detailed study of the interface of SnOx/Ag-NW by kelvin probe and photoemission spectroscopy identifies an energy barrier that can be eliminated by UV-illumination or by the addition of a dedicated interlayer with high carrier density (n > 1018). In a similar sense we will present the first proof of concept devices with a doctor bladed Carbon top electrode in p-i-n architecture. Hence the implementation of impermeable ALD SnOx layer can be expected to be the enabler for a plethora of subsequent processes without being limited by the sensitivity of the perovskite.
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