Proceedings of nanoGe Fall Meeting 2018 (NFM18)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2018.095
Publication date: 6th July 2018
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the current rockstar of photovoltaic research attracting more and more attention. With efficiency now reaching up to 23% PSCs are on the way of catching up with classical inorganic solar cells. However, PSCs have not reached their full potential yet. In fact, their efficiency is limited, on the one hand, by non-radiative recombination, mainly via trap states located either at the grain boundaries or at the interface between the perovskite and the transport layers. On the other hand, it is limited by losses due to the poor transport properties of the commonly used transport layers. Indeed, state-of-the-art transport layers (e.g. TiO2, PCBM and Spiro-OMeTAD…) suffer from rather low mobilities, typically within 10-4 – 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1, when compared to the high mobilities, 1 – 10 cm2 V-1 s-1, measured for perovskite using field-effect transistors or space-charge-limited-current measurement.
In this work, the effect of the mobility, thickness and doping density of the transport layers was investigated by means of a combined experimental and modeling analysis. For the experiment, two sets of devices made of a triple-cation perovskite were studied, including n-i-p and p-i-n structures demonstrating efficiencies of up to 20%. For the two structures, the thickness and doping density of one of the transport layers were varied in order to understand their effect on the performance and especially on the FF. In addition, we performed a transient extraction experiment to look at the influence of the transport layers properties on the rate of extraction. The experimental results were then reproduced using drift-diffusion simulations to explain how and by how much every single parameter influences the extraction and the performance. A new and simple formula was also introduced to easily calculate the amount of doping necessary to counterbalance the low mobility of the transport layer.
In conclusion, this work presents a comprehensive analysis of the effects of the different properties of a transport layer on the efficiency of PSCs. We also present general guidelines on how to optimize a transport layer to avoid losses.
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