Solvent co-intercalation reactions for batteries and beyond
Guillermo Alvarez Ferrero a, Gustav Avall b, Knut Janssen a, Youhyun Son a, Philipp Adelhelm a
a Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
b SEEL Swedish Electric Transport Laboratory, 412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden
Materials for Sustainable Development Conference (MATSUS)
Proceedings of MATSUS Spring 2025 Conference (MATSUSSpring25)
Sustainable energy materials and circularity - #SusMat
Sevilla, Spain, 2025 March 3rd - 7th
Organizers: Tim-Patrick Fellinger and Cristina Pozo-Gonzalo
Invited Speaker, Guillermo Alvarez Ferrero, presentation 551
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsusspring.2025.551
Publication date: 16th December 2024

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is one of the more promising battery technologies that are starting to see commercialisation, were the low cost, abundance of necessary raw materials, higher safety and power and similar energy densities compared to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are often mentioned as their key advantages. SIBs, due to their great similarities with LIBs have seen a rapid development. One of the key differences, however, is the carbonaceous negative electrode, where in the case SIBs is not possible the use of graphite. This is due to Na+ not forming stable intercalation compounds with graphite unlike for LIBs. But, it was discovered by Jache et al. 1 that Na+ can form stable ternary graphite intercalation compounds by using ethers as the solvent electrolyte through a solvent co-intercalation mechanism, thus enabling the use of graphite in SIBs. Although the co-intercalation of solvent molecules with sodium cation leads to a large increase in the graphite framework, the cycle life and rate capability of the reaction are excellent. 2, 3

This sparked additional interest in the phenomenon, where many electrolyte solutions have now been explored for several metal-ions (Li+, Na+, K+ as well as Mg2+ and Ca2+) showing that when electrochemical solvent co-intercalation occurs the redox reaction, both capacity (stoichiometry) and potential, becomes dependent on the exact electrolyte formulation.4 Hence systems with solvent co-intercalation offers an extremely diverse chemistry.2, 4

This presentation aims to summarize the ongoing research endeavors concerning electrochemical solvent co-intercalation phenomena. Our exploration spans from fundamental inquiries regarding the nature of the reactions involved to methodologies for detecting solvent co-intercalation.5 We also present other electrode materials (in the transition dichalcogenide family) that can be identified as “co-intercalation electrode” when using a specific electrolyte composition (otherwise, conventional intercalation process will occur).6

This project received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. [864698], SEED).

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