Proceedings of MATSUS Spring 2025 Conference (MATSUSSpring25)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsusspring.2025.219
Publication date: 16th December 2024
A robust supply chain of main Li-ion battery (LIBs) components has become critical since the rapid growth in energy demand storage, the so-called Green transition promoting the market of electric vehicles, and the ubiquitous presence of batteries in portable applications has spread out LIBs manufacturing and components needs. The dependence of these materials on third countries, with China as the main battery grade supplier, has prompted the European Committee to develop a new EU regulatory framework for batteries, which encourages battery recycling as an alternative supply chain, targeting, for example the recovery by 2027 of at least 50% of the lithium contained in spent batteries and its reutilization for the manufacturing of new cathode materials by 2035 at 10%, value increased to 12% and 20%for Ni and Co respectively. [1] Current LIBS recycling is carried out at an industrial scale using pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes. However, these technologies have several inherent limitations; in most cases, these methods face difficulties in recovering lithium and focus on extracting nickel and cobalt; in addition, they suffer from an intensive consumption of energy or chemical reagents, lengthy operational procedures with low recovery rates, and the generation of hazardous wastewater or polluting gas emissions, thus involving severe environmental impacts [2, 3].
In this communication, we develop an electrochemical method - ion pumping technology- to selectively extract lithium from battery spent; based on the use of lithium-selective-electrodes, such as olivine LiFePO4 (Figure 1), as well as, we have proven the viability of the same technology to recover Ni and Co from NMC spent, in this case based on the use of Prussian Blue Analogues, KxNi[Fe(CN)6]y - z H2O. The materials selectivity and the influence of critical extraction parameters (current density, time…) were analyzed by constant current measurements and Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results demonstrate this technology's potential for electrochemical recovery of lithium and multivalent cations in short operational times.
The authors thank the support of the Junta de Andalucia through funding the projects "Program EMERGIA Emergía_0153" and "Project Excel_00330", as well as to the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities through the projects "TED20213129314A-100" and PID2022-142391OA-100, and the grant RYC2022-037564 founded by the MCI/AEI//10.13039/501100011033 and European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR, FEDER a way of making Europe and the FSE invest in your future.
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