Proceedings of MATSUS Spring 2025 Conference (MATSUSSpring25)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsusspring.2025.165
Publication date: 16th December 2024
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), as one of the alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), have developed fast in the last ten years, and some companies have started commercialising SIBs. To achieve ecological sustainability, it is necessary to recycle spent SIBs. However, there are limited studies about the direct recovery of SIB’s anode and cathode active materials. For anode materials, hard carbon (HC), has comparable capacity with graphite in LIBs, and is widely used in commercial SIBs. However, due to its low yield and high energy consumption, HC is expensive than graphite and produces CO2 during its manufacture. It is, therefore, useful to recover HC from end-of-life (EOL) cells and reduce CO2 emissions.[1] In this work, HC was reclaimed from scrap coatings and EOL cells and recovered by low temperature annealing with N2 protect. The HC structure was evaluated by Wide Angle X-rays Scattering and the results confirmed the effect of heating temperature on the graphene layers in the HCs. The electrochemical measurements confirmed that the recovered HC from the scrap after 300°C annealing retained a similar capacity level with pristine HC after 50 cycles at 100 mAg-1. HC recovered from EOL cells showed a reversible 218 mAhg-1 capacity after 50 cycles. In full-cell configurations, HC reclaimed from scrap and EOL cells retained 86% and 89% of their initial discharge capacity after 200 cycles, respectively, and exhibited better cyclability than pristine HC. This research demonstrates a simple and effective single-step direct recovery method for HC recycling.
We would like to thank the EU’s Horizon 2020-funded SIMBA project for funding (Grant agreement ID: 963542; DOI 10.3030/963542). We would like to thank Dr Ivana Hasa and the team at WMG, University of Warwick, for providing end-of-life cells and electrode scrap.
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