Substitutional Engineering of Halide Double Salts: Material Design of Ag-In-I Ternary Compounds
Christos Tyrpenou a, G. Krishnamurthy Grandhi b, Mikaël Kepenekian a, Paola Vivo b, George Volonakis a
a Univ Rennes, ENSCR, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
b Hybrid Solar Cells, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, FI-33014, Tampere, Finland
Materials for Sustainable Development Conference (MATSUS)
Proceedings of MATSUS Spring 2025 Conference (MATSUSSpring25)
Lead-free perovskites: Fundamentals and device applications - #LeadFreePero
Sevilla, Spain, 2025 March 3rd - 7th
Organizers: Eline Hutter and Iván Mora-Seró
Oral, Christos Tyrpenou, presentation 114
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsusspring.2025.114
Publication date: 16th December 2024

In recent years, substantial efforts have been made, dedicated to identifying lead-free perovskites that retain the remarkable optoelectronic properties of lead-based perovskites while enhancing stability and reducing toxicity. Numerous substitution strategies have been explored, resulting in promising new materials, like for example halide double salts. This class of materials, have demonstrated high potential, with compounds like AgBiI4 and Ag3BiI6 showing some of the highest power conversion efficiencies among lead-free photovoltaic materials[1–4]. Yet, these materials have been a challenge to model due to the existence of vacancies, and partially occupied Ag- and Bi-sites in their crystal lattice. Recently, we developed a symmetry-based approach to create atomistic models that allow the accurately description of their electronic structure and optical properties[5]. Here, we employ this approach to investigate atomic substitutional engineering in order to explore the phase space of Ag-In halide double salts and design a direct band-gap material in analogy with the case of Cs2AgInCl6 double perovskite[6]. By substituting Bi3+ with In3+ in a reduced-symmetry model of AgBiI4, our first-principles calculations for AgInI4 show a direct bandgap within the visible range (1.72 eV), close to the optimal range for indoor photovoltaic applications. This value is comparable with the indirect bandgap (1.68 eV) of the Bi-based ternary compound, suggesting a potential advantage for the In-based material in photovoltaic efficiency under specific conditions. To confirm this, we evaluate the spectroscopic maximum limited efficiency of AgInI4 compound under AM-1.5G solar irradiance and LED irradiance using the LED-B4 standard. Our findings indicate that the In-based compound under-perform with respect to Bi-based for thin-film thickness of around 500 nm, though slightly improved performance is observed at thicknesses of above 1.5 μm. Based on these predictions, we set to synthesize the hypothetical In-based double salt and the resulting thin film exhibited transparency at room temperature, not matching our initial hypothesis. This prompt us to explore the possibility that more stable phases exist within the complete Ag-In-I phase space. By employing a systematic materials screening process within the Materials Project database, [7] we identify new phases that are more stable than the AgInI4 phase designed starting from AgBiI4. These phases exhibit direct bandgaps that are larger than 3.0 eV. While these hitherto unknown phases may not be suitable for photovoltaic applications, their transparency, dispersive electronic bands and well-defined band edges position them as promising candidates for other applications that require wide-bandgap semiconductors. Overall, our exploration of the Ag-In-I phase space broadens the opportunities for the development of environmentally friendly materials for optoelectronic applications where wide bandgap semiconductors are required.

C.T. and G.V. acknowledge financial support by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche through the CPJ program and the SURFIN project (Grant No. ANR-23-CE09-0001).

G.K.G and P.V acknowledge that the work is part of the Research Council of Finland Flagship Programme, Photonics Research and Innovation (PREIN), Decision No. 346511.

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