Proceedings of MATSUS Spring 2025 Conference (MATSUSSpring25)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsusspring.2025.038
Publication date: 16th December 2024
Meeting the growing demand for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and portable devices requires efficient lithium extraction methods. Electrochemical approaches, particularly those that leverage energy-efficient direct lithium extraction, are emerging as promising solutions. This talk explores both continuous and intermittent concepts for lithium-ion recovery, emphasizing advancements in material selection, membrane integration, and electrode stability.
Intermittent lithium-ion extraction is explored using lithium iron phosphate (LFP), a widely available battery material with a high theoretical capacity and favorable lithium insertion potential. Despite these benefits, LFP faces performance stability challenges. Our work investigates the role of additional cations and dissolved oxygen on LFP stability, finding that calcium cations and dissolved oxygen contribute to capacity fading. In contrast, sodium and magnesium cations have minimal impact. Performance is enhanced through continuous nitrogen flushing of the electrolyte and carbon coating of the LFP electrode, resulting in a lithium extraction capacity of 21 mg per gram of electrode material. This approach achieves an energy consumption of 3.03 ± 0.5 Wh per mole of lithium, with a capacity retention of 82% over 10 cycles. This system is of particular use for the processing of hydrometallurgical media within the context of lithium-ion battery recycling.
To continuously extract lithium from seawater, mine water, or other aqueous media, one can use continuous operation of electrochemical systems that integrate lithium-ion-selective ceramic membranes (LISICON). We show the facile operation of a simple redox-flow electrolyte, enabling continuous lithium recovery at a high purity of 93.5% and a Li/Mg selectivity factor of approximately 500,000:1. This concept is not limited to redox-flow battery technology; instead, our work shows that a fuel cell (fueled with oxygen and hydrogen) can also co-produce electricity and separate lithium-ion during continuous operation.
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