Towards Commercial Viability: High-Efficiency FAPbI₃ Solar Cells with Solvent Innovations and Stability Enhancements.

Amit Kumar^a, Manuel Kober-Czerny^a, Philippe Holzhey^a, Esther Hung^a, Rahul Nambiar^a, Qimu Yuan^a, Fengning Yang^a, Jin Yao^b, Karl-Augustin Zaininger^a, Henry Snaith^a

^aDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK

^bNational Thin-Film Facility, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK

Materials for Sustainable Development Conference (MATSUS)
Proceedings of MATSUS Spring 2025 Conference (MATSUSSpring25)

Reliability and Circularity of Perovskite-Based Photovoltaics - #RECIPE25

Sevilla, Spain, 2025 March 3rd - 7th

Organizers: Maria Hadjipanayi, Markus Kohlstädt and Anurag Krishna

Oral, Amit Kumar, presentation 018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsusspring.2025.018
Publication date: 16th December 2024

Laboratory-scale power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of ABX3 type perovskite solar cells have surpassed 26%. However, the typical solution-processed methods, involving spin-casting, antisolvents, or gas quenching, and using N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent systems, pose scalability and stability challenges. To address this, we optimized a DMF/DMSO and antisolvent-free solvent system for 1.48eV FAPbI3-based p-i-n architecture solar cells using 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME). We incorporated N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP), a non-volatile and Pb2+ coordinating additive, to inhibit non-perovskite phase formation during room-temperature deposition. Unlike common Pb2+ coordinating agents such as DMSO, DMPU, or DMAc, our method showed no precipitation at any concentration. With high reproducibility, we achieved a stable maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of ~23.00% for a 0.25 cm2 and ~22% on a 1 cm2 aperture area, attributed to enhanced photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (~8%), compact and pinhole-free morphology, and a highly oriented crystal structure. This technique is easily scalable for larger areas. Despite these efficiency gains, stability remains crucial for commercial viability. Our study investigates the high stability of optimal bandgap FAPbI3 perovskite using in-situ 2D XRD. For examples: we stressed thin films at 130°C and 50% RH, noting that DMF films turned yellow, while 2-ME films retained their black phase. Optoelectronic and Photovoltaics Devices response tests revealed ~no degradation in 2-ME films and devices, following Damp Heat, ISOS-D2 and ISOS-L3 protocols. Loss quantification using half-stack PLQE measurements identified the perovskite/C60 interface as the performance limiter.

Acknowledgements:

“This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovati onprogramme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 956270”.

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