Publication date: 28th August 2024
Naproxen (NAP), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is commonly found in wastewater, and drinking water at low concentrations (ng to μg/L). However, naproxen and its metabolites are toxic to ecosystems, thus, establishing ways for eliminating naproxen from aquatic habitats is critical [1]. Ion exchange, precipitation, membrane filtration, and electrocoagulation are some of the techniques that have been employed in recent years to remove pharmaceuticals from water. Adsorption is chosen over other methods for its removal due to its ease of usage and lack of harmful byproducts [2]. The current study recommends the usage of adsorbents based on graphene oxide. Graphene Oxide (GO) possesses exceptional acid-base stability, mechanical characteristics, flexibility, and hydrophilicity due to its flat honeycomb arrangement and a vast number of oxygen-containing groups at the sheet's edge [3]. Chitosan is a low-cost, cationic biopolymer derived from chitin deacetylation. It is an excellent adsorbent because of its hydrophilic characteristics [4]. The combination of GO with magnetic nanoparticles will add a magnetic property to the hybrid structure that leads to an effortless separation, yet they also prevent agglomeration of GO sheets due to a strong van der Waals and π-π interaction between GO layers, thereby increasing available surface area and adsorption capacity [5]. Putrescine (1,4 butane diamine) is used to graft more amino groups on the composite, in order to enhance the adsorption effectiveness. Their combination is novel since it hasn’t been reported in the literature and putrescin hasn’t been investigated for its efficiency in adsorption processes. In the present study, CS-mGO-PUT composite material was prepared in the form of beads for the removal of NAP from water. The surface and structure of the composite material was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, BET and SEM analysis. To evaluate the effectiveness of the adsorbent, several parameters such as initial drug concentration, effect of pH value, contact time and effect of temperature were investigated. Experimental data of equilibrium were used to calculate adsorption isotherms. According to thermodynamics the spontaneous nature of their adsorption was confirmed. Two kinetic models were examined to fit the kinetics of NAP, pseudo first and pseudo second order models. Overall, the results indicate that Cs/mGO/PUT can be effectively employed for removal of NAP from aqueous solutions.
We acknowledge support of this work by the project “Advanced Nanostructured Materials for Sustainable Growth: Green Energy Production/Storage, Energy Saving and Environmental Remediation” (TAEDR-0535821) which is implemented under the action “Flagship actions in interdisciplinary scientific fields with a special focus on the productive fabric” (ID 16618), Greece 2.0 – National Recovery and Resilience Fund and funded by European Union NextGenerationEU.
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