Publication date: 28th August 2024
The recent surge in interest towards antimony- and bismuth-based perovskite-inspired materials (PIMs) is attributed to their potential as sustainable and air-stable absorbers for photovoltaic applications.[1]
Lately, we have presented the first 2D triple-cation antimony-based PIM (CsMAFA-Sb),[2] which incorporates inorganic cesium alloyed with organic methylammonium (MA) and formamidinium (FA) cations at the A-site of the A3Sb2X9 structure. The inclusion of the hybrid A-site cations proved to be crucial in reducing trap-assisted recombination pathways, thereby enhancing the performance of both outdoor and indoor photovoltaics. Furthermore, through a careful doping engineering of the hole-transport layer, the devices remained stable after nearly 150 days of storage in dry air.
While promising shelf-lifetimes of PIM-based photovoltaics have been often reported, the operational stability of the devices remains so far largely overlooked. To address this, we have incorporated Bi(III) ions into the CsMAFA-Sb structure while at the same time introducing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) into the solvent system of the precursor solution. This resulted in a novel PIM, CsMAFA-Sb:Bi, with enhanced film morphology and large crystalline domain size. The corresponding photovoltaics have demonstrated a slightly increased power conversion efficiency (PCE) and significant improvements in the stability under operational conditions at the Maximum Power Point (MPP) compared to the control devices based on CsMAFA-Sb. Remarkably, under a constant 0.1-Sun illumination at the MPP for over 100 hours, the CsMAFA-Sb:Bi devices not only sustained the initial PCE, but even witnessed an over 10% PCE increase. Under constant 1-Sun MPP for over 100 hours, the CsMAFA-Sb:Bi devices still retained over 75% of the initial PCE. The stability enhancement is attributed to the reduced ion migration upon Sb:Bi co-alloying. Our findings represent the most extensive stability study reported for PIM-based photovoltaics to date, which demonstrates their potential for commercial applications.
N.L. thanks The Emil Aaltonen Foundation for funding. The work is part of the Research Council of Finland Flagship Programme, Photonics Research and Innovation (PREIN), decision number 346511.
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