Publication date: 28th August 2024
Vacuum deposition emerges as a pivotal method for scaling up perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in commercial applications, offering conformal coatings on various surfaces and precise layer control, aligning with large-scale manufacturing needs. Atmospheric conditions, particularly moisture, significantly impacts perovskite layer quality, requiring controlled environments. Through in-situ grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and 3D time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) we show that annealing in the presence of humidity, is essential for the interdiffusion of inorganic and organic precursors necessary to achieve high quality thermally evaporated perovskite absorbers via sequential deposition. Notably, spectroscopy measurements also indicate high non-radiative bulk recombination in the absorbers photoluminescence when processed in the absence of relative humidity, bolstering the importance of interdiffusion for the device's overall performance. This has resulted in the development of high-performance p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exclusively processed through vacuum techniques, achieving an impressive power conversion efficiency of 20.45%. Stability tests reveal an initial burn-in phase during accelerated aging at 85°C and 1 sun illumination using full spectrum while holding the device at the open-circuit condition. Despite this phenomenon, the devices exhibit remarkable stability, remaining functional for additional 500 hours post the initial challenge. This finding highlights the resilience and potential durability of the newly developed vacuum-processed PSCs, marking a significant advancement in the field of perovskite solar cell technology.
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