Proceedings of MATSUS Spring 2024 Conference (MATSUS24)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsus.2024.348
Publication date: 18th December 2023
The electrolyte is arguably one of the most critical components of a battery. It controls the available operating voltage through its electrochemical stability window, it supports the flow of the target ion for any given battery chemistry (eg. Li+, Na+, Zn2+, Al3+ etc….) between electrodes, it limits temperature of operation depending on its phase behaviour and - probably a key function - it can react on the electrodes to form an interphase, known as the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) whose properties govern the stability and cycle life of the battery.
Traditional electrolytes currently used for Li-ion and Na-ion devices are not compatible with higher energy-density anodes required for next generation devices, such as Li metal and Na metal anodes. In addition, there is now a recognition that operation at elevated temperatures is desirable for some applications. Therefore, new electrolyte materials are currently actively being investigated for beyond Li-ion technologies. It has recently been shown that, by using an ultra-high concentration of lithium or sodium salt in an ionic liquid (or indeed some organic solvents), it is possible to achieve stable cycling of several high capacity anodes including Li and Na metal anodes as well as silicon and hard carbon anodes. These electrolytes indicate a decoupling of the alkali metal ion dynamics from the bulk with tLi+ or tNa+ transport numbers approaching or even exceeding 0.5. Interestingly, the nature of the ionic liquid cation can have a significant influence on the electrochemical performance, apparently related to the interfacial structuring and the influence on the SEI layer. In this work we will discuss these non-traditional electrolyte materials in terms of their physicochemical properties, electrochemical behavior and performance in devices.
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