Proceedings of MATSUS Spring 2024 Conference (MATSUS24)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsus.2024.232
Publication date: 18th December 2023
A perspective into synthesis methods far from thermodynamic equilibrium (i.e., non-equilibrium, NE) and their dependencies with the structure and properties of light-absorbing semiconductors and their devices will be presented. The talk will focus mainly on multinary metal oxides as case study materials using plasma deposition processes combined with rapid thermal processing (RTP).[1,2] However, the insights are also strongly transferable into metal halide perovskites.[3,4]
In the research and development of metal oxide semiconductors and a few metal halide perovskites for solar energy conversion, scientists are confronted with two significant challenges: i) the need to exceed normal temperature limits for glass-based F:SnO2 substrates (FTO, ∼550°C) to achieve the desired density, crystallinity, and low defect concentrations, and ii) avoiding the formation of structural defects, trap states, grain boundaries, and phase impurities, which can be particularly difficult in multinary materials which may contain ions that vary widely in size, oxidation state, and vapor pressure under heating treatment conditions. The unique possibilities of NE synthesis methods can be utilized to form a holistic approach that will overcome these challenges and also provide a broad array of synthesis "tuning knobs" under highly controlled synthesis conditions.
I will demonstrate, using the emerging metal oxide semiconductors for photoelectrochemical water-splitting α-SnWO4 and CuBi2O4, that even subtle changes in synthesis significantly impact material properties, physical working mechanisms, and performances. These materials ' challenges were greatly overcome using the NE synthesis conditions, which were inaccessible through conventional solid-state reactions, with increased crystallinity, conductivity, and device performance.[1,2,5]
The NE synthesis methods can successfully address a primary need to focus on novel syntheses and design approaches of disruptive and innovative materials and NextGen devices that meet the chemical and physical requirements for reducing global warming through sustainable development.
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