Proceedings of MATSUS23 & Sustainable Technology Forum València (STECH23) (MATSUS23)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsus.2023.209
Publication date: 22nd December 2022
Organic solar cell (OSC) bulk heterojunctions (BHJ) typically feature a rich phase morphology with the phase composition and distribution significantly affecting processes such as charge generation, recombination and extraction, and, in turn, device performance. After deposition, the active layer is in a metastable state including several phases that vary in composition (from pure to mixed) and degree of order (from crystalline to amorphous). This metastable morphology is generally prone to changes that lead to cell degradation. To stall this degradation, it is necessary to identify the different phases and follow their dynamics as a function of composition, processing conditions and temperature. Recently we developed a new staining methodology that offers imaging of the BHJ in electron microscopy. Using this technique we were able to study the temperature-induced morphology evolution of a high efficiency fullerene:polymer blend, as a model system. Based on the results we developed a unified thermodynamic and kinetic mechanism that allowed us to correlate the morphology evolution with OSC degradation during thermal annealing of fullerene based OSCs. We then turned to donor:non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) blends that are more challenging to elucidate because they often display different polymorphs. Moreover, their glassy states can be more complex. Using the developed electron microscopy analysis, we followed the dynamics of the phases as a function of composition and temperature. We identify multiple glassy phases and complex NFA-based BHJ morphology emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of the phase behavior of such systems.
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