Proceedings of MATSUS23 & Sustainable Technology Forum València (STECH23) (MATSUS23)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsus.2023.120
Publication date: 22nd December 2022
Cobalt is a key material for the production of Li-ion batteries. Today already more than 60% of mined cobalt is destinated for battery cathodes. Additionally, 60% of the worldwide cobalt resources are in the politically unstable Congo (DRC) and are extracted in many cases by child labour that implies an ethical and health concern due to its toxicity[1]. LiNi1.5Mn0.5O4 spinels are between the most promising alternatives as they present a long high voltage plateau, very fast lithium insertion and extraction, which yield to high energy densities of 650 Wh/kg at cell level (vs the cathode mass). However, among the main challenges of these batteries, are the oxidation stability of the electrolyte when cycling at high voltage and the cycle life when practical electrode loadings are employed [2,3]. Within the CoFBAT project, gel electrodes and electrolytes based on the new Solef® PVdF copolymer have been developed. The current results at full cell level shows over 250 cycles up to 80% state of health when the LNMO cathode electrode is jellified. Still a ten-fold increase of the cycle life is needed to outperform commercial Li-ion batteries. For better understanding the degradation mechanisms of these batteries, new post-mortem protocols for gel-based Li-ion batteries need to be developed. The use of gel-based electrodes and electrolytes difficult the disassembly and characterization process, especially the analysis of the solid-electrolyte interphases. In this work we summarized the main challenges of LNMO to outperform current commercial Li-ion batteries as well as strategies proposed to overcome them. Finally, we present a multi-technique approach for the post-mortem analysis of gel-based Li-ion batteries that allow to identify the main driving source of capacity fade.
The authors are grateful to the European Commission for the support of the work performed within the EU H2020 projects CoFBAT (Grant Agreement 875126).
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