Publication date: 4th October 2024
Tin perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are emerging as the most sustainable lead-free alternative in the field of thin film photovoltaics. DMSO-free processed tin PSCs are gaining interest due to the adverse effects of DMSO on tin oxidation reducing device stability. However, replacing DMSO with other solvents is challenging due to the rapid crystallization dynamics during tin perovskite film formation, which are even more pronounced in DMSO-free systems. In this study, we modulate the colloidal formation and interaction within perovskite precursors using additive engineering to optimize the crystallization process. Specifically, we employed piperazinium diiodide (PDAI) as a colloidal interaction modulator to arrange larger clusters in perovskite precursor suspension.[1] At the same time we used 4-tert-butyl pyridine (tBP) as a colloidal stabilizer to retard the aggregation process by interacting with Sn-X units, achieving a balanced crystallization rate synergistically.[2] This synergistic approach achieves a balanced crystallization rate, leading to tin perovskite films with higher crystallinity and improved microstructure, as directly observed by in-situ photoluminescence (PL) during real-time monitoring of crystallization during spin-coating. Devices treated with tBP and PDAI exhibited a champion power conversion efficiency of 7.8% and excellent dark stability without any degradation for 3000 hours in N2 glovebox. Our findings provide an advancement in understanding and managing crystallization in DMSO-free solvent-processed tin perovskite solar cells, paving the way for further performance enhancements and broader application in optoelectronic devices.
The authors thank the support of Hysprint laboratory technicians Johannes B., Carola F., Hagen H. and Michel C.. The authors thank support from EMIL Chemistry and SCALA lab at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB). S.Z acknowledges the financial support from China Scholarship Council (CSC). S.Z. and C.F. acknowledge HyPerCells Joint Graduate School of the University of Potsdam and HZB. This work has received funding from the European Union’s Framework Program for Research and Innovation HORIZON EUROPE (2021-2027) under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action Postdoctoral Fellowships (European Fellowship) 101061809 HyPerGreen
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