Towards the Commercialization of All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Modules

Mehrdad Najafi^a, Ryley Ratnasingham^a, Klaas Bakker^a, Anne Biezemans^a, Dorrit Roosen^a, Johannes Lambooij^a, Marcel Simor^a, Josue Hernandezjuarez^a, Wiljan Verhees^a, Remi Aninat^a, Casper Vankessel^a, Ilker Dogan^a, Hindrik Devries^b, Rene Janssen^c, Sjoerd Veenstra^a

^aTNO, High Tech Campus 21, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

^bSALD company

^cMolecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology

Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Conference on Perovskite, Organic Photovoltaics&Optoelectronics (IPEROP25)

Kyoto, Japan, 2025 January 19th - 21st

Organizers: Atsushi Wakamiya and Hideo Ohkita

Oral, Mehrdad Najafi, presentation 030
Publication date: 4th October 2024

The development of large-area all-perovskite tandem solar modules presents a promising advancement in photovoltaic (PV) technology, offering significant potential for improving efficiency and cost-effectiveness in renewable energy. This work provides an overview of the scalable manufacturing processes and challenges associated with producing both rigid and flexible large-area two-terminal (2T) and four-terminal (4T) all-perovskite tandem modules, towards scalable sheet-to-sheet and roll-to-roll manufacturing of efficient solar devices.

In our research, efficient and stable wide band-gap (WBG) semi-transparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) were manufactured through optimization of the device stack, reducing optical and electrical losses. This led to ST-PSCs efficiencies of 20.7% for spin-coated (1.6 eV) and 18.1% for blade-coated (1.7 eV) small area (0.09 cm²) devices with high near infra-red (NIR) transparency for tandem application. Tandem solar cells offer a way to higher PCEs by stacking cells with different bandgaps on top of each other, which results in a more optimal utilization of the solar spectrum. A dual passivation approach, targeting both bulk and perovskite/electron transport layer (ETL) interfaces, successfully minimized non-radiative recombination losses. Additionally, reference narrow band-gap (NBG) ST-PSCs (1.25 eV) with 17.3% efficiency were developed for fabricating of bifacial all-perovskite tandem solar cells and modules. Both the optimized WBG and NBG ST-PSCs retained 95% of their initial stabilized power conversion efficiency (PCE) after 1000 hours of aging at 85°C in a nitrogen atmosphere, while control devices degraded within a few days. As a reference, for all-perovskite tandem devices, spin-coated and blade-coated small area WBG ST-PSCs were coupled with a silicon heterojunction (SHJ) bottom solar cell leading to 31.2% and 28.5% stabilized PCE respectively, with more than 6.4% and 3.8% absolute efficiency gain with respect to the standalone bottom Si cell. Importantly, we successfully transferred the technology from small-area device manufacturing to scalable processes for potential large-volume production. As a result, semi-transparent WBG, NBG, and monolithic 2T all-perovskite tandem modules with an aperture area of 100 cm² were fabricated using slot-die coating, evaporation, sputtering, and spatial atomic layer deposition (sALD) scalable techniques. Encapsulated control ST WBG and NBG modules demonstrated a PCE of 10.0% under monofacial conditions and retained nearly 100% of their initial stabilized PCE after 1000 hours of aging under 85% RH/85°C damp-heat stress conditions. The results of optimized bifacial ST WBG, NBG, and tandem devices will be presented during the conference after proper characterization. To our knowledge, this is the first global report on the upscaling of NBG and all-perovskite tandem devices in 100cm² area via slot-die coating perovskite layers. We believe these findings represent a crucial step towards the commercialization of all-perovskite tandem solar technologies.

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