Publication date: 4th October 2024
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have experienced significant global advancements, and are at a pivotal point in the scale-up from laboratory to factory. However, there is limited understanding of the harmful reactions at the heterointerfaces between charge transport layers (CTLs) and the perovskite absorber, which are affecting both the initial PCE and the long-term stability of PSCs. Meanwhile, along with progress of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), now the bilayer structure of SAM/metal-oxide is a promising industrial CTL architecture for achieving high-performance PSCs. Considering the wide temperature fluctuations in real-world settings, striking a balance between robust mechanical bonding and preventing adverse degradation reactions at the perovskite/CTL interface is especially important for the longevity of these PSCs. However, achieving thermal cycling stability according to IEC/ISOS standard remains a challenge among most efficient and state-of-the-art PSCs. Finding ways to enhance solar cell stability with high efficiency is crucial for transitioning perovskite technology from laboratory research to commercial fabrication.
Our research provides new insights into these critical chemical and mechanical interactions that undermine the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). For the first time, we have developed a balanced strategy that achieves high efficiency while also meeting or exceeding industrial standards for stability. The main findings and contributions of our study include:
1. Implementation of an innovative bonding-debonding technique to universally examine interfacial interactions and degradation mechanisms at perovskite/CTL heterointerfaces, contributing to a deeper understanding of PSC fabrication and aging processes.
2. Establishment of a direct correlation between interface bonding strength, interfacial proton-transfer interactions, and the degradation processes of perovskite/metal-oxide heterointerfaces.
3. Introduction of the 'competing anchoring concept' to enhance interface bonding and mitigate adverse reactions, leading to optimized PSCs (D4P/NiOx-based) with a PCE of up to 25.6%, 1.3% absolutely higher than conventional Me-4PACz/NiOx-based PSCs.
4. We emphasize our use of an extended dwell time (30 minutes) in thermal cycling tests, a method that exceeds IEC 61215 standard (ISOS-T-3I) practices and effectively simulates real industrial conditions. Our device, with a longevity of over 500 cycles (T95 > 500 cycles), stands out as the best example of a perovskite device that optimally balances PCE with durability. Furthermore, it has demonstrated exceptional resilience in a variety of standard photo- and thermal-related stability tests according to ISOS protocols.
We acknowledge the support from the MOE Tier 2 grant (MOE-T2EP10122-0005), the Ministry of Education (Singapore), and the National University of Singapore Presidential Young Professorship (A-0009174-03-00 and A-0009174-02-00). Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is supported by NUS, the National Research Foundation Singapore (NRF), the Energy Market Authority of Singapore (EMA) and the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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