Publication date: 4th October 2024
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a major object of interest in the field of photovoltaics during the last decade. Over time this new technology has managed to demonstrate superior results in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 26 % certified by the NREL. An essential component for PSC fabrication is hole transporting layer (HTL), being responsible for the hole extraction at the perovskite/HTM interface. Recently introduced self-assembling materials (SAMs), which form dense and uniform monolayers on top of ITO by forming strong bonds between anchoring groups and the oxide surface, help to reduce the usual quantity of HTMs to a minimum, allow to avoid doping procedures, ensuring the longevity of devices, and provide opportunities for a large-scale PSC production because of the convenient deposition techniques.[1-2] However, the effect of differently anchored SAMs on the performance parameters of PSCs is not completely understood. Therefore, further research is necessary to assess how various structural modifications affect surface wettability, alignment of energy levels, hole-collection properties and overall photovoltaic performance.
In the present study, a new series of enamine-based self-assembling hole transporting materials containing different anchors, such as carboxyl, acetic acid, cyanoacrylic acid, phosphonic acid, methylene phosphonic acid, cyanovinyl phosphonic acid groups, were functionalized via one-, two- or three-step synthetic procedure. Contact angle measurements were carried out to evaluate surface properties of the synthesized SAMs. Contact angles of water droplets on the ITO/SAM films containing carboxyl group were found to be more hydrophilic and similar to that of MeO-2PACz, compared to the monolayers with phosphonic acid. Inverted (p-i-n) solar cells were fabricated to test novel materials as SAMs. Initial studies on the performance of devices demonstrated that the most efficient PSCs with SAMs containing carboxyl group showed efficiency exceeding 22%, furthermore monolayers with phosphonic acid group allowed devices to reach similar results. This work confirms that enamine-based monolayers can provide necessary characteristics to achieve high efficiency results in PSCs.
The project "Technological and Physical Sciences Excellence Centre (TiFEC)" No. S-A-UEI-23-1 is funded by the Science Council of Lithuania and the Ministry of Education, Science and Sports of the Republic of Lithuania from the state budget under the programme "University Excellence Initiative".
Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. HEPAFLEX project has received funding from HORIZON Research and Innovation Actions under Grant Agreement no. 101122345”.
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