Publication date: 17th February 2025
One of the simplest yet often overlooked methods for improving light management in Perovskite Solar Cells (PvSCs) is the incorporation of an Anti-Reflection Coating (ARC). In this work, we combine both optical modeling and experimental approaches to design and fabricate a hybrid bilayer ARC structure, consisting of a bottom planar MgF2 layer and a top tilted MgF2 layer. The concept behind this bilayer ARC design is to create a gradient in the refractive index between the two MgF2 layers. This gradient is achieved by tilting the deposition angle of the top MgF2 layer over the planar layer. Ellipsometric studies were conducted to determine the optical constants of both the planar and the tilted MgF2 layers. This ellipsometry data is then used to optimize the layer thickness and achieve a close match between modeling and experimental results, with an error of less than 1%. The bilayer ARC fabricated through a low-energy adatom-based physical vapor deposition technique exhibits more than a twofold increase in device current density compared to the single planar MgF2 layer. Specifically, the bilayer ARC structure with top MgF2 layers deposited at three different angles increases short-circuit current densities (Jsc) that are 2.75, 2, and 1.75 times the increment with planar MgF2 ARC device. With the optimized bilayer ARC, the fabricated PvSC achieved a Voc of 1.08V, Jsc of 24.6 mA/cm², fill factor (FF) of 83.4%, and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.3%. The improved performance of the bilayer ARC can be explained through various characterization techniques where ellipsometry measurements show that the tilted deposition of MgF2 results in a lower refractive index for the top MgF2 layer, forming a gradient structure. Additionally, AFM topography and cross-sectional SEM images confirm the presence of nanostructures, which facilitate light trapping and thus enhancing light transmission. Furthermore, contact angle measurements reveal that the optimized ARC exhibits a high surface contact angle of approximately 98°, which enhances its anti-soiling properties. This work presents an innovative approach to significantly improving the efficacy of the ARCs in PvSCs, potentially doubling their performance.
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