Publication date: 17th February 2025
Semi-transparent photovoltaics devices based on perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are currently being widely explored, especially for their potential to be directly integrated into energy—sustainable buildings as part of effective clean renewable energy conversion solutions. Although significant improvements have been achieved in the optimization of PSCs performances, their stability still poses a major challenge limiting the large-scale commercialization of this technology. This work investigates the stability -both photovoltaic and morpho/structural- of semi-transparent formamidinium lead bromide-based PSCs, exploiting a combination of in-situ X-ray and atomic force microscopy techniques [1]. The research highlights the beneficial effects of passivating 2D nanoscale layer achieved through surface treatment of the perovskite with a mixture of iso-Pentylammonium chloride (ISO) and neo-Pentylammonium chloride (NEO), by correlating the findings of the morpho/structural characterization to the photovoltaic performances of the devices. Compared to the un-treated device, the improved power conversion efficiency (almost +40%) and overall stability of the ISO-NEO system over prolonged light stress in air are demonstrated. Compared to the un-passivated device, where the perovskite phase displays a crystallinity loss of about 15% in 24h, a slower degradation rate is indeed found for the ISO-NEO device, showing a very limited crystallinity loss (less than 10%) over 24h of illumination. Furthermore, our approach provides evidence of two key effects contributing to the enhancement of the morpho-structural stability induced by ISO-NEO treatment: a bulk effect, preventing the crystallinity loss in the perovskite 3D phase (which is observed in the un-passivated device only), and an interface effect, which confines the 2D phase crystallinity loss preferentially at the interface with the 3D phase, where a higher defect density is expected. Most importantly, the passivated ISO-NEO-encapsulated device shows complete stability upon continuous illumination for 10 days, thus ruling out intrinsic degradation effects [2].
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