Publication date: 17th February 2025
The growing demand for flexible, efficient, reliable, and cost-effective solar cells has driven exploration of nano/microtechnological solutions that enhance photovoltaic (PV) performance without substantially increasing production costs. Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) photonic structures operating at wavelength-scale dimensions rank among the most promising approaches, enabling efficiency improvements through reduced reflection and enhanced light trapping [1]. In this work, we employ a simple, low-cost, and scalable colloidal lithography process to fabricate wavelength-scale indium tin oxide (ITO) microstructures on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates [2]. The optimized ITO electrodes exhibited pronounced light-scattering effects, achieving a diffuse transmission of ~50% while maintaining high transparency. Additionally, the photonic mesh design increased the effective TCO volume within the electrode, reducing sheet resistance by 11% through improved charge transport pathways. Integration of these structured electrodes into perovskite solar cells yielded a 17.6% enhancement in short-circuit current density (Jsc) and a 16.6% increase in power conversion efficiency compared to flat ITO counterparts. These results demonstrate the dual optical-electrical benefits of colloidal-lithographed TCO electrodes, underscoring their potential as advanced contacts for flexible optoelectronic devices. The mechanical flexibility and scalable fabrication of this approach position it as a viable strategy for next-generation thin-film photovoltaics and wearable energy systems.
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