Stable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells with an Air-processable Active Layer by Two-Step Deposition

Shih-han Huang^a^,^b, Chien-Te Tsou^b^,^c, Fu-Zong Liu^b^,^c, Chia-Feng Li^d, Hou-Chin Cha^b, Li-Chen Su^b^,^e, Yu-Ching Huang^a^,^b^,^c

^aCenter for Sustainability and Energy Technologies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan.

^bOrganic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.

^cDepartment of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan

^dDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan

^eGeneral Education Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.

Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV25)

Roma, Italy, 2025 May 12th - 14th

Organizers: Filippo De Angelis, Francesca Brunetti and Claudia Barolo

Poster, Shih-han Huang, 224
Publication date: 17th February 2025

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCE) comparable to those of the market-leading crystalline silicon solar cells. Their outstanding PCE and lower production costs have demonstrated the potential to replace silicon-based solar cells. However, this promising photovoltaic technology which is based on the lab-size area, suffers from severe efficiency losses during the scaling-up process. A key challenge is the complicate preparation of perovskite crystals and the requirement of inert atmosphere. Among various methods, the two-step sequential deposition method has scalable advantages and high repeatability than others.^[1-2] In the two-step deposition process, the formation of perovskite films is governed by molecular exchange, and typically, an excess of organic components is present during the second-step reaction. In the case of the air process, the moisture-induced intermediate phases form within the α-FAPbI3 crystals, which is harmful to the stability of the perovskite layer.^[3-4] In this study, we addressed these challenges by developing an air-processable perovskite layer using a sequential deposition process. To overcome moisture-induced issues, pre-heating the substrate was employed to reduce surface tension and improve film coverage. Furthermore, imidazole iodide (ImI) was introduced into the PbI₂ precursor to effectively cap Pb sites, preventing moisture interference and promoting a complete transition to the α-phase of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI₃) without residual PbI₂ in air. The PSC using an air-processable active layer can achieve with a PCE over 18%. Ultimately, the T₈₀ lifetime of PSCs maintain over 500 hrs.

References:

[1] [1] Tan, L.; Zhou, J.; Zhao, X.; Wang, S.; Li, M.; Jiang, C.; Li, H.; Zhang, Y.; Ye, Y.; Tress, W.; Ding, L.; Grätzel, M.; Yi, C. Combined Vacuum Evaporation and Solution Process for High-Efficiency Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells with Exceptional Reproducibility. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35 (13), 2205027.

[2] [2] Chen, H. Two-Step Sequential Deposition of Organometal Halide Perovskite for Photovoltaic Application. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27 (8), 1605654.

[3] [3] Raval, P.; Kennard, R. M.; Vasileiadou, E. S.; Dahlman, C. J.; Spanopoulos, I.; Chabinyc, M. L.; Kanatzidis, M.; Manjunatha Reddy, G. N. Understanding Instability in Formamidinium Lead Halide Perovskites: Kinetics of Transformative Reactions at Grain and Subgrain Boundaries. ACS Energy Lett. 2022, 7 (4), 1534-1543.

[4] [4] Huang, Z.; Bai, Y.; Huang, X.; Li, J.; Wu, Y.; Chen, Y.; Li, K.; Niu, X.; Li, N.; Liu, G.; Zhang, Y.; Zai, H.; Chen, Q.; Lei, T.; Wang, L.; Zhou, H. Anion–π interactions suppress phase impurities in FAPbI3 solar cells. Nature 2023, 623 (7987), 531-537.

Acknowledgements:

Financial support provided by the National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan (Grant Nos. NSTC 111-2923-E-002-012-MY3; 111-2923-E-002-007-MY3, NSTC 112-2628-E-131-001-MY4, NSTC 111-2221-E-182-040-MY3, NSTC 113-2622-E-131-006-, and NSTC113-2221-E-003-001) and Chang Gung University (URRPD2N0011) are highly appreciated.

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